ニワウルシ・神の木の利休鼠
【学名】 Ailanthus altissima
【英名】 Chinese Tree of Heaven
【別名】 神樹(しんじゅ)、樗(しんじゅ)、樗木(ちょぼく)
【生薬名】 樗白皮(ちょはくひ=根皮/樹皮)
【科】 ニガキ科
学名の「Ailanthus」は「天の木」、「altissima」は「最高の」「非常に高い」の意味。
別名「しんじゅ」。神の木というには、見た目、かなり心もとない草木(そうもく=草の仲間で大きくなって木質化するが樹木ではない)の部類。「樗」の字をあてているのを山崎青樹氏の「草木染め染料植物図鑑」に見ましたが(ニワウルシの生薬名は確かに「樗白皮」ですが)、「樗」は、ごんずい、ぬるで、せんだんなどを指すこともあります。やっぱり「神樹」がいいですね。
この別名の縁起の良さから、子供の成長を願ったり、卒業などの折りのお祝いとして贈ることがあったそうです。
雌雄異株。カジュ周辺に見かけるのはどういう訳か雄が多いように思います。
カジュを開いたばかりの頃は、庭にわさわさ生えていたこの植物が「ウルシ」と聞いて、ひょえーっと恐れおののいていたのですが、ニワウルシはニガキ科、ウルシ科のウルシとは全くの別の植物なので、かぶれることはありません。
中国北中部が原産で､ 日本には明治初期にエリ蚕やシンジュ蚕などの野蚕の食料として導入されたそうですが、それ以前から自生していたという説もあります。(野蚕はクワで育てるわけではないのですねー。)
現在では日本各地に自生するようになりました。
根や幹の皮を漢方では「樗白皮」といい、解熱・止瀉・止血・駆虫などに用います。
「そうか、かぶれないのか!」とわかって、庭で伸び放題になっていた枝葉を染めてみました。
山崎青樹氏の本には鉄媒染で赤みの黒を染め上げた写真がありますが、こちらは緑味のグレー、濃いめの利休鼠という感じです。
煮出していると、クサギに似た、イモをふかしたような独特の臭いがしました。
参照サイト/文献
・http://www.e-yakusou.com/
・http://www.tbg.kahaku.go.jp/
・http://had0.big.ous.ac.jp/index.html
・http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ニワウルシ
・http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/tink/
・「草木染め 染料植物図鑑」 山崎青樹/ 著 美術出版社
・「続々・草木染め 染料植物図鑑」 山崎青樹/ 著 美術出版社
・「樹木大図説」 上原 敬二 / 著 有明書房
・「よくわかる樹木大図鑑」平野隆久/著 永岡書店
・「大漢語林」大修館書店
・「大辞林」三省堂
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